Influence and Creativity Essay - 1237 Words

Influence and Creativity I have a habit of noticing redundancies in other people. Their personalities and their thoughts just seem so similar: daughters trying to be like mothers, or sons trying to be like fathers, or friends trying to be like each other. In my mind the sense of self that we as human beings have is more of a delusion than a reality, where we are nothing but the products of a multitude of influences throughout our lives. Did I ever have an original thought in my life? Or is it always someone elses idea that I am only repeating? What does it mean to be a human being without original thought and creativity? I talk like my friends do. I learned body language from my parents, stories from movies and books,†¦show more content†¦Among these cultural influences are the commercial superpowers that affect us every day, and the cynical view is that we are all alike as a result. Mass media conglomerates provide the vast majority of content on our television stations, while the Clear Channe l Incorporated dominates 100 of the 112 radio station markets. You can hardly walk down the street without being bombarded with image and advertisements to the point where you can recognize brands and products before you can even distinguish the letters, simply from the colors and shapes. We all grew up with the Disney white castle and the characters of their films. We dine under the glow of the golden arches. We Just Be with Calvin Klein, whatever that means. The Pavlovian excitement associated with You Got Mail! is so strong that internet-addiction websites suggest that we turn off sound effects in many of our favorite programs. With so much content and imagery from the consumerist culture assaulting our senses, how are we supposed to distinguish influence from creativity? Why am I so worried that all the children I know only seem to draw pictures of Spongebob Squarepants or Pokemon characters? Furthermore, there seems to be a movement toward categorization that is all the more disturbing becauseShow MoreRelatedOrganizational Cultures Influence on Creativity and Innovation3322 Words   |  13 Pagesï » ¿ Organizational Cultures Influence on Creativity and Innovation Organizational Culture: Organizational culture is the collection of common beliefs and thoughts which are shared by the members in an organization within its workplace (Steiner, 2006). The organizational culture does not entail all the stakeholders of the organization; it is merely the collective behavior of an organizations internal customers, i.e. the employees or the human resources (Martins Martins, 2002). 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The Proteinuria In Childhood Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

string(78) " dipstick trial gives a qualitative judgement of urinary protein elimination\." Proteins are a major constituent of all our organic structure parts, including musculuss, castanetss, hair, and nails. Proteins that circulate in our blood stream besides carry out a figure of of import maps. They help to keep our organic structure maps such as protecting from infection, blood curdling and maintaining the right sum of fluid go arounding around our organic structures, so it is indispensable to keep the right degrees of proteins in our organic structures because of that albuminuria should go a disease which we should pay much attending. We will write a custom essay sample on The Proteinuria In Childhood Health And Social Care Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now The prevalence of stray albuminuria ( symptomless albuminuria ) detected by everyday uranalysis of kids who aged 7-15 old ages were shown to be approximately 10 % although this decreases to 0.1 per centum at repeated testing ( 1 ) . A survey numbering mass showing of school-aged kids in Asia revealed similar findings. The happening increases with age, extremums during adolescence, and is higher in misss. The of import thing is distinction the kid who has proteinuria associated to nephritic diseases, if non healthy kid with transient or benign status of albuminuria. Research shows that type and the degree of albuminuria is a good index of the grade of kidney harm and an earlier warning of developing progressive kidney disease. I hope to discourse about the pathophysiology, etiology, measurings, mark and symptoms, direction and new clinical probes sing albuminuria. What is albuminuria ( in kids ) ? Albuminurias means presence of proteins in inordinate sum, transcending their normal scope in piss. The undermentioned chart shows normal scope of protein elimination harmonizing to the age preferring their organic structure size. Children have somewhat higher usual rate of protein elimination than grownups. Age group Entire protein ( mg per 24 hours ) Entire protein ( mg per M2 per 24 hours ) 95 per centum assurance bounds ( mg per M2 per 24 hours ) 5 to 30 twenty-four hours ( premature ) 29 182 88 to 377 7 to 30 yearss ( full term ) 32 145 68 to 309 2 to 12 months ( baby ) 38 109 48 to 244 2 to 4 old ages ( kid ) 49 91 37 to 223 4 to 10 old ages 71 85 31 to 234 10 to 16 old ages 83 63 22 to 181 Physiologically most healthy kids excrete little sums of protein in their piss. Newborn babies shows highest sum of protein elimination, when corrected for organic structure surface country. Then it decreases with the age until late adolescence. Urinary proteins consist of many of import proteins such as albumen, other plasma proteins, proteins arising in the kidney and urinary piece of land, and chiefly Tamm-Horsfall protein ( uromodulin ) . The normal mention scope of childhood albuminuria is 100mg/m3/day. Mechanism of albuminuria in kids In the kidney, fluid that resembles plasma is filtrated from the glomerular capillaries into the nephritic tubules which called as glomerular filtration. This glomerular barrier consists of three beds. They are, Capillary endothelium The cellar membrane Specialized epithelial tissue of the capsule which is made up of Podocytes. In the healthy persons, negligible protein sum is filtrated because of both size selectivity and the charge. Filtration barrier contains negatively charged proteins named sialoproteins and proteoglycans such as heparan sulphate. So this barrier can drive the negatively charged proteins. Fixed collagen net within cellar membrane, podocytes with their interdigitating processes serve as successful size barrier. Low molecular weight proteins can be filtrated by the glomerulus and absorbed by proximal nephritic tubules. Some of them are microglobulin, ? microglobulin, vitamin A1 adhering protein like insulin ( 3, 4 ) . Most of the protein in urine comes from caducous cannular cells ( 5 ) . We can categorise albuminurias harmonizing to mechanism of albuminuria under three headers. They are glomerular albuminurias, cannular albuminuria, secretory albuminuria. Glomerular albuminuria Glomerular albuminuria is caused by increasing permeableness of capillary endothelium. This may run from A ; lt ; 1g to A ; gt ; 30g/24hr ( 1 ) . This can be categorized into selective and nonselective glomerular albuminuria. In selective glomerular albuminurias low molecular weight plasma proteins can be loss, together with albumen. In non selective glomerular albuminuria, proteins with big molecular weight such as IgG can be loss. Mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis, amylodosis, segmental glomeruloclerosis, membranous kidney disease are some of the upset characters of glomerular albuminuria. Acute and chronic glomerulonephritis can be due to damage glomerular cellar membrane, increasing the permeableness for plasma proteins. In inborn or minimum nephrotic syndrome, diminishing anionic charge of glomerular cellar membrane can do to loss of albumen. In recent yesteryear, patients who have proteinuria with reduced nephritic mass besides can be found in a great trade of attention-grabbing. Experiments sing this reveal that staying uriniferous tubules are affecting in hyperfiltration taking to progressive glomeruloclerosis ( 7 ) . Glomerular albuminuria should be suspected by first forenoon urine protein/creatinine ratio A ; gt ; 1.0 or albuminurias with any degree, together with hydrops, high blood pressure, nephritic disfunction and haematuria. Tubular albuminuria In healthy people great sum of proteins which has low molecular weight than albumens such as ?2 microglobulin, Ig visible radiation ironss, retinal binding protein and amino acids are filtrated and later reabsorbed by the proximal tubules ( 8 ) . In tubulointerstitial diseases, these filtered protein are lost in the piss due to a defect in cannular epithelial. Tubular albuminuria can be inherited or acquired upset may be with glycosuria, aminoaciduria and phosphaturia. The relatively high protein elimination can be observed in newborns represents cannular albuminurias owing to immatureness of their nephritic map. Glomerular albuminuria and cannular albuminurias can be distinguished by cataphoresis of the protein sample. Not like the glomerular albuminuria in cannular albuminurias really small sum of albumen can be detected. Secretory albuminuria Secretory albuminuria is owing to oversecretion of tissue proteins in the tubules, particularly oversecretion of Tamm-Horsfall protein from the epithelial cell of the cringle in Henle. Tamm- Horsfall protein has been shown to leak into the inerstium inexperimental reflux kidney disease, clogging uropathy and some tubulointerstitial upsets ( 8 ) . Measurements of albuminuria The dipstick trial The urine dipstick trial gives a qualitative judgement of urinary protein elimination. You read "The Proteinuria In Childhood Health And Social Care Essay" in category "Essay examples" The tetrabromophenol bluish colorimetric method is used by the urine dipstick trial, which is by and large used as testing method. The strength of coloring material alterations from yellow to blue correlatives with the sum of protein in the piss. Albuminuria is chiefly detected by this trial and less sensitive to other signifiers of proteins specially which has low molecular weight. This trial is sensitive to albumin concentration every bit low as 15mg/dL. But it is non satisfactorily sensitive for mensurating albumen in the scope of microalbuminuria. The dipstick is reported as negative, hint ( 10-20 milligram per deciliter ) , 1+ ( 30 milligram per deciliter ) , 2+ ( 100 milligram per deciliter ) , 3+ ( 300 milligram per deciliter ) , and 4+ ( 1,000 milligram per deciliter or greater ) ( 6 ) . But wi th the dilute piss ( specific gravitation A ; lt ; 1.002 ) and acidic piss which has low pH value than 4.5 and in a disease status which the major urine protein is non albumin can give false negative consequences. False positive consequences can be given with alkalic piss ( pH A ; gt ; 8 ) , concentrated piss ( specific gravitation A ; gt ; 1.030 ) , gross haematuria, bacteriuria, taint with antiseptic agents. A dipstick should be considered positive for protein if it registers A ; gt ; 1+ ( 30 mg/dL ) in urine sample in which the particular gravitation is A ; lt ; 1.015. If the specific gravitation is A ; gt ; 1.015, the dipstick must read amp ; gt ; 2+ to be considered clinically important. Sulfosalicylic acid trial To corroborate the positive consequences of the dipstick trial another trial must be done by utilizing sulfosalicylic acid. Because this trial can observe all categories of proteins. In the trial three beads of sulfosalicylic acid are added to 5 milliliter of piss. So this causes to change over the solution into acidic taking to the precipitation of proteins. But this besides can give false negative consequences due to diluite urine. False positive consequences can take topographic point owing to happening of radiographic contrast stuffs ( 9 ) . Spot urine protein/creatinine ( UPr/Cr ) trial Children with positive consequences for dipstick trial with relentless albuminuria should travel through the more precise topographic point urine protein/creatinine ( UPr/Cr ) trial which gives quantitative measuring of proteins in the piss. The normal ratio for random urine protein/creatinine ratio in younger kids than 2 old ages is A ; lt ; 0.5, in kids 2 twelvemonth of age or older is A ; lt ; 0.2. A ratio A ; gt ; 3 reveals the nephrotic scope of albuminuria. If a kid is given ( UPr/Cr ) 2 A ; gt ; ratio A ; gt ; 0.2, it is required to obtain a 24 hour urine aggregation. It has found that in kids with terrible malnutrition, serum and urine creatinine degrees depend on musculus mass, because of that the ratio is non valid. However acquiring random protein/creatinine ratio is a convenient method for gauging urine protein elimination alternatively of acquiring a 24-hour piss aggregation which gives more precise information. But it may be a ground to inaccurate consequences because 20 four-hour urine aggregations are non practical in kids in nappies, and although the kid is potty-trained. To measure the truth of the 24 hr urine sample, it may be helpful in mensurating the sum of creatinine. Steady-state day-to-day creatinine elimination is 20 mg/kg in kids from 1 to 12 old ages of age and 22 to 25 mg/kg in older kids. Girls show lower values in creatinine elimination. Normal protein elimination in kids in 24 hr urine aggregation is defined as A ; lt ; 4 mg/m2/hr, unnatural is defined as 4-40 mg/m2/hr, nephrotic scope albuminuria is defined as A ; gt ; 40 mg/m2/hr ( 9 ) . other methods Another of import and most normally used quantitative methods in mensurating protein eliminations are the Coomassie Brilliant Blue dye-binding methods, the Ponceau-S method and Benzethonium chloride method. Low-molecular-weight proteins such as ?2 microglobulin can be straight ditected by Urinary protein cataphoresis. But this will be done in particular state of affairss and it is non a portion of the everyday rating of a kid with albuminuria. Similarly, the finding of microalbuminuria in diabetic kids requires the usage of more sensitive methods such as radioimmunoassay or enzyme-linked immunosorbent check ( 10 ) . The etiology The etiology of albuminuria in kids is varied, but harmonizing to the clinical timing and frequence of the job, albuminuria can be categorized under three conditions. They are transeunt albuminurias, orthostatic albuminuria and relentless albuminuria. The orthostatic and transeunt signifiers are benign and more common. Persistent albuminuria may be associated with implicit in nephritic diseases and requires farther probes. Transient albuminuria Transient albuminuria is impermanent and 30 % – 50 % of the kids with albuminuria belong to this class ( 10 ) . This can go on owing to strenuous exercising, febrility, emphasis, exposure to cold, abdominal surgery, ictuss, desiccation, heat failure and besides due to hemodynamic changes in glomerular blood flow. After stoping of those factors transient albuminuria resolutenesss impetuously. So any therapy or intervention is non needed for kids who have this benign status. Children who have symptomless isolated albuminuria, dipstick trial demands to be repeated hebdomadal no less than two occasions to make up one’s mind the albuminuria was non transeunt. If the albuminuria disappears on repetition testing, so it is likely transient. Orthostatic albuminuria Orthostatic albuminuria or postural albuminuria is frequent in kids. Orthostatic albuminuria is affecting in 60 % of all instances of symptomless albuminuria reported in kids. Children with orthostatic albuminurias excrete negligible sum of proteins in supine place. But in the unsloped place protein elimination with the piss is raised up to 10 creases, up to 1000mg/24hr ( 1 ) . Hypertension, nephritic disfunction, hypoalbuminaemia, and haematurias are non present. If all research lab trials are normal apart from persistently elevated protein elimination, farther experiments should be done to govern out or corroborate orthostatic albuminuria. The kid is asked to empty his/her vesica, merely earlier traveling to bed at dark and collects the first urine sample in the following forenoon instantly after originating. Orthostatic albuminuria will be confirmed by the absence of proteins in the first urine sample for three back-to-back yearss. If the early forenoon urine protein/creatinine ( UPr/Cr ) ratio is A ; lt ; 0.2 mg/mg or the protein elimination in the piss collected from lying/supine place is A ; lt ; 60mg/m2/day are declarative values of orthostatic albuminurias ( 11 ) . The cause of orthostatic albuminuria is unknown ; nevertheless, partial nephritic vena obstructors in the unsloped place and nephritic hemodynamic alterations have been suggested. Persistent albuminuria Persistent albuminurias can be verified by first urine sample on three back-to-back yearss. Valuess of relentless albuminurias are, protein elimination greater than 4 mg/m2/hr in a 24 hr urine aggregation or topographic point urine protein/creatinine ratio greater than 0.2 mg/mg ) in a urine sample ( 1 ) . This can be pointed out under glomerular or cannular beginning, which I have discussed earlier. Further experiments are needed, to except relentless albuminurias from any implicit in nephritic pathology. Causes for albuminurias are more common than tubulointerstitial causes for albuminuria. We can acknowledge so many different implicit in causes for relentless albuminuria. Specially diabetes mellitus and high blood force per unit area can do harm to the kidney which lead to albuminurias, but they are non outstanding in kids. Research workers have shown that race and ethnicity besides have some consequence on developing albuminuria. African, American, Hispanic, Native American and P acific Islanders illustrations are more likely than Whites to hold albuminurias ( 12 ) . Other causes include, primary and secondary glomerulonephropathy, Collagen vascular disease, medicines, injury, toxic conditions, infections, malignances and immune system upsets. Multiple myeloma and amyloidosis can besides take to proteinuria by increasing production of proteins ( 11 ) . Examples for some of them are listed below. Cause to relentless albuminuria and its clinical characteristics. Glomerular diseases Clinical characteristics Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis haematuria, high blood pressure, oliguria, presence of ruddy blood cells, white blood cells, and cellular dramatis personaes in urine, nephrotic-range albuminuria, hypoalbuminaemia, lipemia Congenital nephrotic syndrome hydrops at birth or during first hebdomad of life, hypoalbuminaemia, lipemia IgA kidney disease Normally older than 10 old ages, haematuria, high blood pressure, oliguria, presence of ruddy blood cells, white blood cells, and cellular dramatis personaes in piss. Membranoproliferative glomerulonepritis haematuria, high blood pressure, oliguria, presence of ruddy blood cells, white blood cells, and cellular dramatis personaes in piss Henoch-Sch A ; ouml ; nlein purpura cellular dramatis personaes on uranalysis Diabetess mellitus elevated fasting blood glucose, glycosuria, weight loss Malignancies weight loss, cachexy Tubular disease Acute cannular mortification nephritic cannular epithelial cell dramatis personaes on uranalysis, elevated serum creatinine Acute tubulointerstitial Bright’s disease acute rise in serum creatinine degree, eosinophilia, white blood cells casts on uranalysis Polycystic kidney disease haematuria, high blood pressure, nephritic inadequacy, nephromegaly, ruddy blood cells on uranalysis, elevated serum creatinine Toxins elevated degree of the toxin Proximal nephritic cannular acidosis acidic piss, glycosuria, aminoaciduria, growing failure, polyuria Symptoms and marks in kids with albuminuria Clinical characteristics which related to the causes of the albuminuria, can be taken as symptoms and marks associated with relevant conditions of albuminuria, which were given in the tabular array above. Research shows most of the kids with albuminurias will non detect any unnatural mark or symptoms sing this. In kids, differential diagnosing of albuminuria has a big assortment of symptoms and marks. But in inordinate grade of albuminuria, it has some common characteristics related to nephritic disease. Some of them are edema, growing failure and high blood pressure. Their piss may look foamy in lavatories, due to presence of big sums of protein. Although edema formation is non good understood, it can explicate like this. In most cases, monolithic protein loss with urine consequences in hypoproteinaemia and hypoalbuminaemia, which leads to cut down the plasma oncotic force per unit area and transudate of fluid from the intravascular compartment to the interstitial infinite, leads to roll up hydrops fluid in tissues result in periorbital, presacral, venereal, or ankle hydrops. The decrease in intravascular volume decreases nephritic perfusion force per unit area, triping the rennin-angiotensin system. This system acts on adrenal secretory organs to release aldosterone. Both rennin-angiotensin system and aldosterone stimulate the cannular resorption of Na and H2O which leads to high blood pressure. Management of albuminuria in childhood A complete history of the kid must be taken as the initial rating of albuminuria. History of the nephritic disease, alterations in urine end product, alterations in weight, gross haematuria and recent upper respiratory infections, should be included for a complete history. First a quantitative measuring should be come into procedure utilizing random or 24 hr aggregation for the UPr/Cr ratio. Parents can liberate from concern if the albuminuria is transeunt or orthostatic and the kid is symptomless. But the kid should be followed by sing a physician and must take the ratio UPR /Cr in each visit. If relentless albuminuria is recognized, intervention procedure depends on the sum of proteins in the piss. If the entire protein elimination is A ; lt ; 1g/24hr or UPR / Cr is less than 1.0, kid should see physician one time for six months. If the albuminuria exists more than a twelvemonth, kid should travel through a nephritic biopsy. If the entire protein elimination is A ; gt ; 1g/24hr, a uranalysis should be performed and the physical scrutiny should be done, which consists of measurings of tallness, designation of hydrops, ascites, weight and blood force per unit area, skin lividness and tactual exploration of the kidneys in newborn babies. Then a blood sample must be taken for finding of electrolytes, creatinine, complete blood count, blood urea N and entire protein albumen every six to 12 months. The intervention of relentless albuminurias should be aimed towards the implicit in cause. Renal echography may be helpful to separate anatomical or inborn abnormalcies such as pol ycystic kidneys in immature kids ( less than six old ages of age ) . If a kid shows elevated creatinine degrees or hypocomplementaemia or haematuria, a chronic glomerular disease may be present. When urinary protein elimination is in the nephrotic scope ( UPr/Cr A ; gt ; 3.0 ) , even without hydrops, and the kid is younger than six old ages of age, idiopathic nephrotic syndrome can be expected and a test of corticosteroid therapy should be performed. So a kid with idiopathic nephrotic syndrome should be given a test of Orasone ( 2 mg/kg/day, or 60 mg/m2/day to a upper limit of 80 mg/day ) in up to three divided doses for four to six hebdomads, followed by intervention on other every twenty-four hours for another four to six hebdomads ( 13 ) . Second-line therapy ( cyclophosphamide, Leukeran [ Leukeran ] , cyclosporine [ Sandimmune ] ) may be necessary if steroid intervention fails or inauspicious effects are intolerable ( 7 ) . If the patient has nephrotic scope protein elimination and if that kid is older than six twelvemonth of age, idiopathic nephrotic syndrome can non be expected. So the type of the disease responsible for the nephrotic syndrome can be identified by a n ephritic biopsy and a referral to a paediatric nephrologist. Angiotensin-converting enzyme ( ACE ) inhibitor and/or angiotensin-II receptor blocker can be given to the patient with albuminuria as a consequence of nephritic disfunction. It will assist to decrease albuminurias and slow patterned advance of nephritic disease. The kid should travel through a farther unequivocal diagnosing, which is done by a paediatric nephrologist. In recent National Guidelines for the direction of kidney disease NICE ( National institute for Health and Clinical Excellence ) recommends that people with kidney disease and albuminuria should hold systolic blood force per unit area between 120mmHg and 130mmHg and the diastolic blood force per unit area to be less than 80mmHg, as it helps to protect the kidney ( 14 ) . Excessive limitations on the kid ‘s day-to-day life and physical activity are non required. It has been recognized dietetic protein supplementation to reconstruct the loss of protein is non recommended as it may be harmful. Taking inordinate sums of salt is non desirable and if edema develops, precise salt limitation may be necessary. New clinical probe Research workers in Canada late reported that high doses of the anti-hypertensive drug ; Candesartan Cilexetil could cut down albuminurias. This drug is an angiotensin-II receptor blocker. It besides has an consequence on fibrosis and redness in the kidney which helps to decelerate the kidney failure in this disease status ( 15 ) . Nutcracker syndrome may be an of import disease status of orthostatic albuminuria in kids. The patients with orthostatic albuminurias have unnatural degrees of anteroposterior diameter and peak speed at the hilar and aorto-mesenteric part of the left nephritic vena. This has been investigated by Doppler echography ( 16 ) . An albumin elimination in the scope of microalbuminuria is now known to be an early index of diabetic glomerular disease and systemic endothelial disfunction and is a utile predictive marker for future cardiovascular events ( 17 ) . Decision Proteinuria is a common research lab determination in kids. Pathophysiology of albuminurias can chiefly depend on either glomerular or cannular defects. A speedy but qualitative appraisal of albuminurias can be taken utilizing dipstick and sulfosalicylic acid methods. More accurate quantitation is obtained by mensurating protein elimination in 24-hour urine samples or by taking the protein/creatinine ratio in random urine samples. Frequently it can be recognized as either a transient or orthostatic in the signifier of benign status. Orthostatic albuminuria is characterized by the presence of protein in urine samples collected in the unsloped place. Persistent albuminuria is associated with serious nephritic diseases. Clinical characteristics from the history, physical scrutiny, and research lab trials help to happen out the cause of albuminuria. If the albuminuria is transeunt or orthostatic, particular interventions are non required. But farther interventions and research lab trials are mandatory, when refering about the implicit in disease, if the status is relentless. How to cite The Proteinuria In Childhood Health And Social Care Essay, Essay examples

Concept of Organizational Behavior

Question: Discuss about the Concept of Organizational Behavior. Answer: Introduction: The essay focusing on the concept of organizational behavior in order to analyze the kind of impact it can made on the path of progress of any company. In this essay, the focus will on a particular company, namely Coca-Cola. In this essay, the focus will be on the challenges that are faced by the company regarding its sparkling beverage products, which the company categorized under the carbonated beverage. The essay will focus on this problem as the sparkling beverage has come under severe criticism from the consumers and health agencies. Therefore, it minimizes the revenue level of the company. Hence, it influences the management of the company to take some serious steps regarding organizational business process so that it can able to handle the challenges properly. In this essay, the focus will be on the kind of political impact that the carbonated beverage or sparkling beverage has made over the business process of Coca-Cola. The essay will critically analyze the role of the manag ement and leaders of the organization in order to minimize the adverse political impact of the business. Description of the problem: Coca-Cola is among the world largest distributor, marketer and manufacturer of syrups and non-alcoholic beverage (Coca-colacompany.com 2016). The company has able to develop a very popular brand with its unique products and service offering. However, the sparkling beverage of the company has come under severe criticism, as many health agencies have identified that the product has caffeine and higher sugar content. Therefore, it can have major negative impact on the health of the consumers. In addition, it also influences several diseases including diabetes, obesity and osteoporosis. Therefore, it highlighted as a major political issue that the company has to deal with. Many health specialists have mentioned that it is not only a political issue but also a major ethical issue that the company has to deal with. In addition, the negative aspect of the sparkling product has also affected the goodwill of the company. As a result, producing carbonated beverages with the limited use of seve ral materials has created challenges for the employees. Therefore, they have to learn new methods and technologies with minimal guidance as the Coca-Cola have to focuses on to make immediate changes on its production procedure. This creates negative impact on the mot5ivational level of the employees working in the production department of the carbonated beverage segment of the company. Most effected personnel caused by the problem: The above highlighted problem highlighted that quality managers will have to implement new techniques so that create a huge amount of negative impact on the leadership capability of the company. Since, selling carbonated beverage for the purpose of increasing revenue is not only right ethically but also creates a huge question mark on the business approach of Coca-Cola. As per the study by Workforce.com (2016), almost 30 million people worldwide have to face several diseases because of the extreme consumption of the carbonated beverage from different soft drink companies. Hence, management of Coca-Cola is trying to implement several strategies that will allow them to minimize the adverse political impact on the business so that it cannot able to affect the goodwill of the company. As mentioned earlier, it has been found that carbonated beverages of the company containing high amount of sugar and other ingredients that are affecting the health of the consumers. Therefore, it creates q uestions regarding the effectiveness of the production line managers. Furthermore, as selling unhealthy products is against the mission and vision of Coca-Cola, it creating questions regarding the management capability of the company. The above issue highlighted that all the employees in the production department of the carbonated beverage department of the company as a major factor, as they are facing challenges to keep themselves motivated towards their work. Symptom of the problem: Over the past few decades, people have become more and more health conscious. As a result, revenue generated from the selling of carbonated beverage is going down for Coca-Cola. However, the management of Coca-Cola is trying to minimize the amount of content that is creating negative impact on the health of the consumers in order to maintain its reputation in the market and also assure consumers that all the product of the company are completely safe for consumption. As a result, Coca-Cola has initiated many training programs for the production managers and quality checking managers so that they can able to prepare carbonated beverages with minimal amount of negative ingredients (Coca-colacompany.com 2016). However, the company has not provided enough training opportunity for the ground level employees. Therefore, they are facing lot of challenges to cope up with the production procedure changes of the company. In addition, as the management of Coca-Cola does not focus too much on th e importance of providing training to the ground level employees, it increases the dissatisfaction level of the employees. Main protagonist: The above case study highlighted the quality managers as a main protagonist. Since, the root of the problem is the presence of unhealthy elements in the product. For instance, many persons have complained that the accrue diabetes because of the overconsumption of Coca-Cola carbonated beverage product. In addition, as the quality managers is facing challenges to keep the ground level employees motivated towards their works so that the company can able to implement changes very quickly. Basic context: Leadership approach has a key influence in maintaining proper ethics for the company. According to Armstrong and Taylor (2014), maintaining proper ethics is necessary for sustaining business for a long time. Since, it helps to create an image on the minds of the customers. Therefore, it has the potential to make or break any businesses. Hence, it has come up as the prime internal issue of the organization that is affecting the organizational processes. However, overall organizational structure of Coca-Cola is highly focused on the well-being of the consumers (Coca-colacompany.com 2016). Over the years, the company has taken several steps so that it can able to satisfy all the customers. Still, the above situation highlighted the fact that Coca-Cola will have to focus more on its operational aspect so that it can able to fulfill all the requirements of the market. Theoretical frames: The above study highlighted that the management will have to initiate several strategies in order to minimize adverse impact on the image of the company. The above problem has highlighted that the management of Coca-Cola will have to focus on both Political as well as human resource management framework to minimize the adverse impact of the carbonated products. Political frames will have to consider about the goodwill of the company that is affecting by the selling of unhealthy non-alcoholic beverages. The above identified problem emphasizes that Coca-Cola will have to compromise its business aspect to a certain extent in order to handle this problem effectively. Hence, it demanded that Coca-Cola would have to initiate an effective leadership approach so that the company can not only able to maintain its goodwill in the market but also can able to maintain the trust of the company. On the other hand, human resource management frames will have to consider the motivational level of the ground level employees in the carbonated beverage production department, as they are facing many challenges regarding the changes in the production procedure. Thus, the above case study highlighted that leadership and motivation are the two key factors in the organizational behavior context of the sustainable development of the business. Key Organization behavior related to identified frames: As asserted by Armstrong and Taylor (2014) several theories of leadership can have major affect the success of the organization. Many studies have also identified that employees can only be motivated if their personal requirements are fulfilled. On the other hand, many researchers have also identified that employees can be motivated through developing strong bond or relationship between employers and employees. There are many theories that have made serious impact on the employee performance. For instance, managerial theories have established its effectiveness regarding organizational performance. These theories include several features that can have major impact in managing organization. Features like employee specialization that every organization has to consider before assigning them any particular job. Since, allowing employees to work within their specialization can have major positive impact on the motivation and satisfaction level of the employees (Northouse 2013). Hence, Coca -Colas quality managers also will have to consider this feature to use in the organization in a more effective way so that it can able to regain its employees motivation. Giacalone and Rosenfeld (2013) highlighted that leadership style of providing continues feedback regarding the performance of the employees can also have major impact on the motivational level of the employees. However, this requires effective communication system within the organizational structure. As the issue in Coca-Cola highlighted the fact that the company is facing challenges regarding its production process, it will have to develop an effective communication channel among the different level of production procedure so that it can able to utilize all its resources properly. According to Clarke (2013) salary or benefits is another important factor that the managers of the organization will have to look at in order to improve the satisfaction level of the employees. As benefit or salary structure have major r ole in fulfilling the personal requirements of the employees, it allows them to work more freely and concentrate more on their works, which eventually creates positive impact on the performance level of the employees (French et al. 2012). However, Coca-Cola is among the top organizations of the world regarding the employee benefits. Still, there are few areas left to resolve for the companies. Specifically, as the production employees are going through several changes the company will have to focus on the benefit structure of the employees. According to the Great Man theories, leadership is an attribute that primarily possess by the male or particularly military leaders. The theory highlighted the fact that the leaders are born with certain specific attributes. The theory also highlighted the fact that leaders have to have charisma, skills, intelligence, confidence etc. As per the article by Rice (2013) leaders with the mention skills, have the higher possibilities to maintain the satisfaction level of the management. It highlighted the fact that Coca-Cola might not select those personnel for the management position that has the ability to influence others. Trait theory of leadership also highlighted the same thing that people develop leadership qualities by born. Therefore, training an individual to manage the employees might not have same amount of effectiveness. Trait theory highlighted six individual traits such as intelligence, extraversion, adjustment, self-efficacy, openness to new opportunities and conscientious ness that every successful leader has to follow (Biddle 2013). Now, as Coca-Cola is finding difficulties in handling its executive level of employees, it had to focus on whether the managers of the company do possess these skills or not. As per the behavioral theory of leadership, behavioral attributes have major impact on the satisfaction level of the employees (Tourish 2014). Since, behavioral pattern of leaders have the potential to create huge amount of impact on the mind of the employees. The behavioral theory highlighted three types of leadership styles. Autocratic leadership reflects the leadership style where leaders try to dictate things on the employees (Sniehotta, Presseau and Arajo-Soares 2014). Therefore, it does not allow the followers too many chances to share their views or perspectives. Hence, it actually increases the dissatisfaction level of the employees. This is similar to the case of Coca-Cola, as employees are feeling left out by the management. However, autocratic leadership also has certain benefits but for the companies like Coca-Cola that are doing business almost in every country of the world, this type of leadership actually increases the confusion in the work place. As a result, overall effectiveness of the company got hampered. On the other hand, participative leadership theory allows management to form a leadership culture in which every employees can able to share their views (Beenen 2016). This type of behavioral is extremely effective for the employee motivation process as it allows employee to share their views to the management. It also allows management to identify any type of dissatisfaction occurring in the organization. Skill theory reflects that acquired skills and learned knowledge is significant factors for an effective leadership style. Hence, this theory actually describes the opposite of the trait theory. It also highlighted the fact that learned knowledge and skills are key to the success of the organization. Hence, managers of Coca-Cola will have to acquire leadership skills and knowledge in order to increase the satisfaction level of the employees. According to Clegg and Dunkerley (2013), satisfaction in workplace is positively correlated with motivational level of the employees. Hence, management of Coca-Cola will have to create an organizational culture in which every employee will feel motivated towards his or her work. Contingency theory of leadership highlighted that leadership style highly affected by the environmental variables also. As per the article by Nicolini (2012) this theory established the fact that there is no general type of leadership that can be applicable for all situat ion rather it heavily depends on particular situation. Hence, assessment of the cause of issue is necessary before implementing any leadership strategy. Otherwise, it might fail to fulfill its objective. Evidence: As per the article by Kautonen, Van Gelderen and Tornikoski (2013), motivational level of the employees is one of the important factor in context of organizational behavior. The word motivation comes from a Latin word motives which means a moving cause. It reflects the process of influencing the psychology of an individual. In organizational behavior context, there are several theories related to employee motivation. According to Maslow theory of motivation, organizations will have to fulfill a series of need of the employees in order to maintain their motivational level. This theory elaborated five needs that organizations will have to provide in order to increase the satisfaction level of the employees. The first step reflects psychological need of the employee. It highlighted that organizations will have to provide enough time for the personal life of the employee. Safety need reflects the need of safety or security of the employees. Hence, to fulfill this need organization will h ave to provide additional benefits like health security and job security so that employees can able to work freely. Love and belonging need demand excellent bonding among all level of employees so that they can able to think themselves as a part of the organization. To fulfill the esteem need, organization will have to provide deserved increment and promotion to all level of the employees so that they can able to motivate themselves towards the work. According to Francis, OConnor and Curran (2012) job motivation can be describe as a psychological drive that gives an indication of the behavioral direction of the employees in an organization. The motivation level of the employees within the organizational structure depends on the three factors such as level of persistence, level of efforts and direction of behavior. The degree of performance of the employees measured on the kind of effort they are making to fulfill the requirement of the jobs. The behavioral direction of the employees evaluated by the degree an employee decides to perform on the slated task and the persistence level of the employees depends on the kind of effort they making to overcome the obstacles in the assigned task (Lussier and Achua 2015). Hence, it reflects that motivation is a significant factor that plays a key role in enhancing the performance level of the employees. Especially, in this highly competitive business environment, every organization is looking to utilize its internal resources to its fullest so that it can able to gain competitive advantage in the market. Coca-Cola also will have to develop a leadership style that has the potential to induce all its employees to give their best effort so that organization can able to fulfill its objective. In organizational behavior context, motivation level of employees is divided into two categories, extrinsic motivation and intrinsic motivation. According to Northouse (2015), intrinsic motivation reflects self-generated motivation. This only happens when employees feel happy in engaging into a job that they feel comfortable and happy. Therefore, it highly depends on the skill and knowledge level of the employees. Since, the more the knowledge or skills an employee has the greater possibilities of feeling comfortable in a particular job. Hence, management of Coca-Cola has to provide enough training facilities so that employees can able to feel comfortable regarding their responsibilities. On the other hand, extrinsic motivation reflects that motivation level of the employees is also highly depended on the several external factors of the organization. These include praise, promotion, salary, security, bonus, incentives and other benefits of the organization. According to Nohria and Kh urana (2013) promotion is a factor that highly depended on the level of previous performances made by a particular employee. Hence, management of Coca-Cola also has to measure performances of all the employees so that it could able to select right individual for the promotion. Otherwise, it can have huge amount of negative impact on the motivational level of the employees. Managers of Coca-Cola also have to communicate the particular factors or reasons they are selecting an employee to promote. Otherwise, it might send wrong message to those employees whom are also working hard for the organization (Dinh et al. 2014). The management of Coca-Cola also have to communicate the kind of future that an employee can able to receive by providing their best effort for the organization. This will not only help to improve the motivational level of the employees but also will create positive impact on the performance level of the organization. Final diagnosis: The above case study highlighted that Coca-Cola is facing several challenges in its production process of sparkling beverages. It not only affecting the motivational perspectives of employees but also creating huge amount of adverse impact on the image of the organization. Therefore, leaders of the company will have to focus on the both political and human resource management frame in order to maintain a proper culture in the organization. As per the article by Dvir et al. (2015), organizational structure also has huge amount of impact on the motivational level of the employees. Since, organizational structure has impact on the grouping and coordination among the employees. Management of organizations will have to consider six factors such as formalization, specialization, chain of command, span of control, decentralization and centralization in order to manage its internal resources effectively. In organizational behavior, three basic organizational structures are mentioned that is used in most of the company. Simple structure of organization reflects of wide span of control, low level of formalization and low level of decentralization (Avolio and Yammarino 2013). This structure is primarily used in the small size businesses, as it allows the organization to implement quick decisions. The bureaucracy structure characterized by highly routine task, high level of standardization, centralized authority and limited span of control. The majority of MNC has used this type of organizational structure, as it allows to maintain huge workforce effectively. Hence, leaders of Coca-Cola also have to utilize the organizational structure to improve the motivational level of the employees. In fact, the focus of managers of Coca-Cola will have to identify whether organizational structure has impact on the present issue of the lower level of motivation of the employees. Another major factor that can have impact on the current issue facing by Coca-Cola is team development. Since, a well-organized team allows every member to communicate much more freely. It also allows organizations to introduce much smoother communication process along the different level of the organization. According to Antonakis and House (2014), leaders or managers have the prime role in developing an organization. As trait theory, highlighted leaders must have to have some inborn traits, which will influence people around it. For team development, an individual with specific types of traits is extremely important for team development. Since, without any leader no team can able to develop properly. This again signifies the important of leadership development within the organization. Hence, Coca-Cola management also has to focus on the overall development of the team so that it can able to improve its organizational process. The leadership strategy of Coca-Cola also will have to f ocus on whether or not the employees are working as a team or not. In many instance, employees of an organizational team or department creates their own groups within the department according to their preferences. This not only hampers the overall bonding of all the team members but also has huge amount of impact on the organizational internal process (Alimo Metcalfe 2013). Hence, leadership strategy of Coca-Cola also have to implement in such way that could able to induce all employees to develop a strong bonding among each other so that it can able to work to its fullest efficiency. This will also have positive impact on the present motivational level of the employees. Alternative Solution: As the people over the world are becoming more and more health conscious, Coca-Cola will have to develop its entire product in such a way that it cannot able to create negative impact on the health of the customers. For instance, the company will have to focus more on the non-carbonated beverages for the enhancing the image of the company. Productions managers will have to understand the exact factors that are affecting the motivational level of the ground level employees. Management of the company also has to provide proper training not only to the manager level of the employees but also to ground level employees as well. It will help to increase the bonding among the production employees of carbonated beverages. As mentioned earlier, bonding among the team members can have huge amount of impact on the motivational level of employees. In addition, proper training will enhance the knowledge of the employees, which will help them to understand to the necessity of the changes. It will also create a positive impact on the satisfaction level of the employees. Therefore, it will help Coca-Cola to maintain a proper organizational structure. Conclusion: The above discussion highlighted the fact that the Coca-Cola Company has an organized structure that induces employee involvement in management decision. As a result, the company has able to manage the motivation and satisfaction level of the employees effectively for long period of time. However, decision-making strategy of the Coca-Cola has faced criticism many times because of its lack of vision that the kind of negative impact it can made on the involvement level of the employees. In addition, the above case has mentioned that the decision-making strategy by the leaders of the organization does create huge amount of negative impact on the employees motivation level. Hence, the management of the organization will have to reconsider about their decision-making strategies in order to maintain a proper organizational behavior. Thus to conclude, it can be state that leadership has huge amount impact on the organizational effectiveness. Therefore, every organization will have to formul ate their leadership style carefully. References: Aaker, D.A. and Joachimsthaler, E., 2012.Brand leadership. Simon and Schuster. Alimo Metcalfe, B., 2013. A critical review of leadership theory.The wiley-blackwell handbook of the psychology of leadership, change, and organizational development, pp.13-47. Antonakis, J. and House, R.J., 2014. Instrumental leadership: Measurement and extension of transformationaltransactional leadership theory.The Leadership Quarterly,25(4), pp.746-771. Armstrong, M. and Taylor, S., 2014.Armstrong's handbook of human resource management practice. Kogan Page Publishers. Avolio, B.J. and Yammarino, F.J. eds., 2013.Transformational and charismatic leadership: The road ahead. Emerald Group Publishing. Beenen, G., 2016. Ronald H. Humphrey. Effective Leadership: Theory, Cases and Applications. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 2014, 480 pages, $86.00 paperback.Personnel Psychology,69(1), pp.300-302. Biddle, B.J., 2013.Role theory: Expectations, identities, and behaviors. Academic Press. Clarke, S., 2013. Safety leadership: A meta analytic review of transformational and transactional leadership styles as antecedents of safety behaviours.Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology,86(1), pp.22-49. Clegg, S. and Dunkerley, D. eds., 2013.Critical issues in organizations. Routledge. Clegg, S., 2013.The Theory of Power and Organization (RLE: Organizations). Routledge. Coca-colacompany.com. (2016).Human and Workplace Rights - The Coca-Cola Sustainability Project. [online] Available at: https://www.coca-colacompany.com/sustainabilityreport/we/human-and-workplace-rights.html [Accessed 8 Jun. 2016]. Dinh, J.E., Lord, R.G., Gardner, W.L., Meuser, J.D., Liden, R.C. and Hu, J., 2014. Leadership theory and research in the new millennium: Current theoretical trends and changing perspectives.The Leadership Quarterly,25(1), pp.36-62. Dvir, T., Eden, D., Avolio, B.J. and Shamir, B., 2015. The impact of Transformational Leadership. Francis, J.J., OConnor, D. and Curran, J., 2012. Theories of behaviour change synthesised into a set of theoretical groupings: introducing a thematic series on the theoretical domains framework.Implement Sci,7(1), p.35. French, S.D., Green, S.E., OConnor, D.A., McKenzie, J.E., Francis, J.J., Michie, S., Buchbinder, R., Schattner, P., Spike, N. and Grimshaw, J.M., 2012. Developing theory-informed behaviour change interventions to implement evidence into practice: a systematic approach using the Theoretical Domains Framework.Implementation Science,7(1), p.38. Giacalone, R.A. and Rosenfeld, P., 2013.Impression management in the organization. Psychology Press. Kautonen, T., Van Gelderen, M. and Tornikoski, E.T., 2013. Predicting entrepreneurial behaviour: a test of the theory of planned behaviour.Applied Economics,45(6), pp.697-707. Lussier, R. and Achua, C., 2015.Leadership: Theory, application, skill development. Nelson Education. Nicolini, D., 2012.Practice theory, work, and organization: An introduction. Oxford university press. Nohria, N. and Khurana, R. eds., 2013.Handbook of leadership theory and practice: An HBS centennial colloquium on advancing leadership. Harvard Business Press. Northouse, P.G., 2013. Leadership: Theory and Practice [Kindle version]. Northouse, P.G., 2015.Leadership: Theory and practice. Sage publications. Parris, D.L. and Peachey, J.W., 2013. A systematic literature review of servant leadership theory in organizational contexts.Journal of business ethics,113(3), pp.377-393. Rice, A.L., 2013.The enterprise and its environment: A system theory of management organization(Vol. 10). Routledge. Robbins, S., Judge, T.A., Millett, B. and Boyle, M., 2013.Organisational behaviour. Pearson Higher Education AU. Schriesheim, C.A., 2015. The Leadership Quarterly Yearly Review for 2015: Advances in leadership theory and research.The Leadership Quarterly,26(6), p.909. Sniehotta, F.F., Presseau, J. and Arajo-Soares, V., 2014. Time to retire the theory of planned behaviour.Health Psychology Review,8(1), pp.1-7. Tourish, D., 2014. Leadership, more or less? A processual, communication perspective on the role of agency in leadership theory.Leadership,10(1), pp.79-98. Workforce.com. (2016).Coca-Cola Unit Sued for Alleged Racial Discrimination. [online] Available at: https://www.workforce.com/articles/coca-cola-unit-sued-for-alleged-racial-discrimination [Accessed 8 Jun. 2016].

Kayli Hammond Essays - Drug Culture, Drug Control Law,

Kayli Hammond Mr. Owens Psychology August 31, 2017 I am planning on arguing drug use. If someone gets enough pressure into drugs, then they will most likely do the drugs. I have family members that are drug addicts or ex-drug addicts. My aunt went to prison for drugs and so did my uncle. They are both out of prison now but my uncle is back into drugs. Here is an article that is against drug use and states that drugs are not the best road to take to di stract ourselves in a hard time. All the quotes are from the same article "M illions of thinking men are agreed that allowing people to take whatever they like is the obvious, indeed only, solution to the social problems that arise from the consumption of drugs. " " The arguments in favor of legalizing the use of all narcotic and stimulant drugs are twofold: philosophical and pragmatic. Neither argument is negligible, but both are mistaken, I believe, and both miss the point. " "T he legalization of drugs cannot be supported by philosophical principle. But if the pragmatic argument in favor of legalization were strong enough, it might overwhelm other objections. " "S ince society already permits the use of some mind-altering substances known to be both addictive and harmful, such as alcohol and nicotine, in prohibiting others it appears hypocritical, arbitrar y, and dictatorial. Its hypocrisy, as well as its patent failure to enforce its prohibitions successfully, leads inevitably to a decline in respect for the law as a whole. Thus things fall ap art, and the center cannot hold." ( Theodore Dalrymple , Don't Legalize Drugs.) "Illegal drugs and here I refer to cocaine, heroin, PCP, and methamphetaminehave three prices that are much higher than what they w ould be if the sale were legal. First, under legalization the cash price would be lower. No one knows by how much, but the most cautious scholar says by a factor of three, the boldest one says by a factor of 20. Now take a powerfully addictive substance, one that not only operates on but modifies the human brain by producing compelling effects that often can only be achieved again by increasing the dosage, and ask how many more people would buy it if its cash price were only 30 percent or even 5 percent of its current price. Unless you think that everybody who wants the drug is already using it, a most unlikely possibility, then the answer must be a lot. Second, under legalization the quality price would be lower. Drugs are now purchased in most cases from people who offer no meaningful promise of quality. You can buy cocaine or heroin tha t has been cut five times or 20 times, and cut with sugar or rat poison. The Food and Drug Administration does not require accurate labeling, and unless you are a repeat customer, you probably have no idea what you are getting. Feel like taking a chance? Buy a drug from the furtive fellow on the street corner. Third, under legalization the search price would be zero. You would not have to search or run risks of being mugged or arrested. Maybe you would be able to buy it in the local pharmacy, but you would get it from some dealer operating in the open with no risk to you. Cut all of these three prices, the cash cost, the risk of not getting a decent quality, and the absence of searching and running risksand the total price reduction would not be by a factor of 20 but probably by a factor of 50. Consumption will go up dramatically. " " Now what happens? Here is where the only meaningful debate can exist. Do you think that there will be a decrease in drug crime? Maybeif the crime committed by users seeking money to buy drugs and the dealers protecting their right to sell drugs falls by an amount greater than the increase in crime committed by addicted users who are no longer capable of holding a job. Not all coke or heroin addicts are incapacitated, but a significant fractionperhaps one-fifth, perhaps moreare. Say we have 1 million users

Final 2015 1 Essay

Final 2015 1 Essay Final 2015 1 Essay Essay Final Summative Exercise History 30643 Spring 2015 This essay is due on Tuesday, May 5, at 4:00 p.m. This is a firm deadline because I must get your grades in!!! Feel free to turn it in ahead of time in my box in the history office, 308 Reed. In a well-composed essay of at least of 1,000 to 1,500 words, double-spaced, respond to the following prompt: Food is multivalent- it goes in many directions at once. During this semester, we have discussed food in these ways: Food and meaning- how people use food to make sense of their world Food and economic activity- how people use food to make money Food and responsibility- how people use food to manage the resources given them Your task is to select one of these themes and analyze it throughout American history, from contact to the present. You should also indicate its importance for the future of American society. The papers will be graded according to the following rubric: A B C Mastery of topic Exceptionally strong familiarity with the material under consideration Good familiarity with the material under consideration Acceptable familiarity with the material under consideration Analysis Exceptionally strong analysis of the material under consideration Good analysis of the material under consideration Acceptable analysis of the material under consideration Change over time Exceptionally strong in analyzing change over time Good in covering change over time Acceptable in covering change over time Thoroughness Exceptional thoroughness Good thoroughness Acceptable thoroughness Use of all appropriate sources: Wallach, primary readings, Diner, Pollan, cookbook analysis, class notes,

A Night To Remember

I just read the first two chapters of the Night to remember reply to chapters 1 and 2. As I read these chapters, I put all the pictures I saw in the book in the book. When I was reading, I saw that Lord Walter was not very much in Westmills and metaphor. He has a good way to make readers intriguing rather than bored. When I read books, I usually look for plots at the beginning of books. When I read this novel, I found that it was very interesting that he began a major accident on the iceberg in the first chapter of chapter 10. The memorable night and Titanic tell the story in an entirely different way, but there are very similar themes throughout the process. Night worth remembering is based on what Walter Lord calls night worth remembering. The film traces chronological events, and the central person of Lightholler is the second officer who survived the disaster. From boarding the ship to sinking of the ship, it concentrates on him. He is depicted as a respected and gentle leader, e specially when he shows courage and wisdom by helping to control the event and helping save lives. He played a big part as he summarized the movie, he is the person whom the observer can pay attention. http://www.markedbyteachers.com/gcse/sociology/using-the-factual-accounts-of-the-titicic-compare-and-contrast-how-the-directors-of-titanic- And overnight notes, Drawings - Event - ie incurred.html Use Titanic's facts to silence, compare, and contrast how the director of Titanic and Difficult to remember the night describes the events that happened Last night was an unforgetable night. Tonight is an unforgetable night. But everything to remember is not what happened, but the way you make me feel. Last night when I left the laboratory and went to your house, I did not want to see you riding on me. But I am very pleased that you decided to meet me the way, just like you waited. After a long day, homemade pasta and warm biscuits, a quiet conversation from your island, and the way you smil e in your eyes flashes: peace of mind, peace of mind. Hugs become passion, sex turns into thumb war and more drinks. More drinks became risk chip poker games, and on the evening of the game came through a campus and got a semi-drunk bike. This is another moment. The freshness of the warm cheeks of the night makes us refreshed. Then my dad chatted with us. I remember that night clearly. Even though the moon is out, this is an unusually quiet night. Usually, on such a night, because the next day is school day, you hear mother shouting to the child. I remember that children will smile when they play the last hide and seek game. But that night was different. My father has just returned from work. I'm very excited because I would like to know which college I will go to. I was elected to three universities. I am anxious to leave home for the first time. To be honest, I do not want to be around when you keep looking for you. I found mother and father's eyes injured.

How Intel Utilizes Technology to Encourage Innovation Assignment

How Intel Utilizes Technology to Encourage Innovation - Assignment Example The industry that the company operates requires much innovation in order to have a competitive advantage over competitors. Intel has realized the importance of innovation and has decided to invest in its employees in matters technology. The company consults its employees and gives them training when a technology is introduced in the market. The employees use the new technology to make their work easier and come up with new ways to tackle emerging issues. In order to support the innovation initiative, Intel uses innovation champions from its departments throughout IT. The management appoints some employees who work as a group to track systemic innovation. The company encourages its employees as they foster innovation throughout IT and offering new ways to solve business problems. Intel has an innovation engine that allows it to gather ideas and issues that need innovative answers from its employees. Every employee has free access to the Internet and Smartphones to keep them up-to-date with what is happening around the world. The company encourages its employees to subscribe to latest apps that can help them have solutions to some of the challenges.

Macroeconomics 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Macroeconomics 2 - Essay Example Japan is considered the strongest economy in the Asian region. The Asian economies are dependent on Japanese trade and imports. The earthquake that hit Japan has completely disrupted the entire economy of the island of Japan. The financial markets of Japan have been negatively impacted by the event. The Toyko shares drop by 11% on March 15, 2011 and by 6.2% on Monday March 14, 2011. The total combined drop in value was 17.2%. Along with the news and effects of the earthquake there is currently a lot of speculation due to the nuclear scare the people of Japan are facing. There is a possibility that the damage in the nuclear plants released radiation into the atmosphere which would cause environmental damage to the ecology and to humans. Millions of Japanese inhabitants are at risk of exposure to radiation if the worse scenario becomes a reality. The uncertainty associated with the nuclear condition of Japan is causing panic among the investor community and within the population of Jap an. A major problem that the region of Japan is facing since the earthquake hit them is that its supply chain logistics have been altered. The supplier logistics have been dislocated throughout Japan due to restrictions on using highways for freight has been imposed. When companies are unable to receive raw inventory on time it can cause a firm to suffer from a shutdown. Hundreds of corporations in Japan have close down since the earthquake hit. Along with logistics another problem companies are facing is a lack of stability in its power grid. Electricity shutdowns have been occurring throughout the entire region of Japan. Without electricity companies are unable to produce. Another industry that has been hit hard by the event is the tourism industry. People are scare to travel to Japan right now. Many flights in and out of Japan have been cancelled. Tourism brings in a lot of money because the people that come to Japan spend money during their visit to the nation. There are many so cial aspects that must be considered after the earthquake. The government of Japan has to invest resources in order to find shelter for the thousands of victims that lost their homes. The fact that food and oil prices are high hurts in the recovery process. Higher prices on food will hurt the ability of the government and the non-profit organizations to purchase sufficient food to feed the victims. The medical industry had a huge increase in the demand for its services after the earthquake. Thousands of people were injured as a result of the earthquake. Japan needs the immediate importation of medical professionals in order to meet the demands for medical services as a result of the crisis. The rise in oil prices is another factor that is negatively impacting the Asian economies. A rise in the price of crude oil has inflationary consequences due to the fact that oil has so many derivative products and because virtually all transportation vehicles use gasoline to operate. In the next few months Japan is going to experience a major boom in its construction industry. There is going to be a

Human right issues Essay Example for Free

Human right issues Essay Indias earliest settlements are believed to have developed in the culture hearths of the Indus Valley around 2600 B.C.E. and in the Ganges Valley around 1500 B.C.E. These societies were mainly composed of ethnic Dravidians who had an economy based on commerce and agricultural trade. Aryan tribes are believed to have then invaded the area after they migrated into the Indian subcontinent from the northwest. It is thought that they introduced the caste system which is still common in many parts of India today. During the 4th century B.C.E, Alexander the Greatintroduced Greek practices into the region when he expanded across Central Asia. During the 3rd century B.C.E, the Mauryan Empire came into power in India and was most successful under its emperor, Ashoka. Throughout subsequent periods Arab, Turkish and Mongol peoples entered India and in 1526, a Mongol Empire was established there, which later expanded throughout most of northern India. During this time, such landmarks as the Taj Mahal were also constructed. Much of Indias history after the 1500s was then dominated by British influences. The first British colony was in 1619 with English East India Company at Surat. Shortly thereafter, permanent trading stations opened in present-day Chennai, Mumbai and Kolkata. British influence then continued to expand from these initial trading stations and by the 1850s, most of India and other countries such as Pakistan, Sri Lanka and Bangladesh were controlled by Britain. By the late 1800s, India began working toward independence from Britain but it did not come until the 1940s however when Indian citizens began to unite and British Labor Prime Minister Clement Attlee began to push for Indias independence. On August 15, 1947, India officially became a dominion within the Commonwealth and Jawaharlal Nehru was named Indias Prime Minister. Indias first constitution was written shortly thereafter on January 26, 1950 and at that time, it officially became a member of the British Commonwealth. Since gaining its independence, India has undergone significant growth in terms of its population and economy however, there were periods of instability in the country and much of its population today lives extreme poverty. Government of India Today Indias government is a federal republic with two legislative bodies. The legislative bodies consist of the Council of States, also called Rajya Sabha, and the Peoples Assembly, which is called the Lok Sabha. Indias executive branch has a chief of state and a head of government. There are also 28 states and seven union territories in India. Economics Land Use in India Indias economy today is a varied mix of small village farming, modern large scale agriculture as well as modern industries. The service sector is also an incredibly large part of Indias economy as many foreign companies such places as call centers located in the country. In addition to the service sector, Indias largest industries are textiles, food processing, steel, cement, mining equipment, petroleum, chemicals and computer software. Indias agricultural products include rice, wheat, oilseed, cotton, tea, sugarcane, dairy products and livestock. Geography and Climate of India The geography of India is diverse and can be divided into three main regions. The first is the rugged, mountainous Himalayan region in the northern part of the country, while the second is called the Indo-Gangetic Plain. It is in this region that most of Indias large-scale agriculture takes place. The third geographic region in India is the plateau region in the southern and  central portions of the country. India also has three major river systems which have large deltas that take over a large portion of the land. These are the Indus, Ganges and Brahmaputra rivers. Indias climate is also varied but is tropical in the south and mainly temperate in the north. The country also has a pronounced monsoon season from June to September in it southern portion. More Facts about India †¢ Indias people are 80% Hindu, 13% Muslim and 2% Christian. These divisions have historically caused tensions between different religious groups. †¢ Hindi and English are Indias official languages, but there are also 17 regional languages that are considered official. †¢ India has several cities that have undergone place name changes such as Bombay being renamed Mumbai. These changes were mainly done in an effort to return the city names to local dialects, as opposed to British translations.

James Baldwin is an Epic Poet Essay -- Notes of a Native Son

James Baldwin; Epic Poet When studying humanity through the arts and literature one can?t help but notice that every civilization has a famous narrative or an epic. The epic marks the beginning of classical civilization in that it was the first form of literature to be written down from oral tradition. The epic tells of the glory of a society, of its? founding from the ruin of another or tells us of the experiences of a beloved hero. The common trait of any epic poem or narrative lies in the tragic hero, or the main character of the story. The hero represents a more than average member of society with a tragic fatal flaw. The narration ends with the hero?s downfall at the hands of this fatal flaw which reminds us of our weak human nature. The tragic downfall of the hero does not always manifest itself in the hero?s death but sometimes in his realization of a hard truth. Western culture has romanticized these heroes in more than just literature but in everyday life. I couldn?t help but notice the char acteristics of a tragic hero manifest themselves in a young James Baldwin as I read his essay ?Notes of a Native Son.? In this 20th century essay; Baldwin as the author uses the narrative of his experiences around the time of his father?s death to analyze his feelings on family, race and culture. Baldwin?s writing flows brilliantly between narrative and analysis in an almost epic fashion. Through my writing I would like to analyze the epic of the young James Baldwin and see what truths are hidden in the framework of Baldwin?s marvelous tale. After his fathers? death Baldwin reflects on him through stories and scenes of social unrest. In order to understand the character of James Baldwin we must first unde... ...He is forced to accept life as it is, an unjust world in which father and son, black and white cannot see each other as equals. One must accept this world because failure to accept it leads to hatred and despair and as we have seen hatred led to the destruction of his father. But on the same token he outlines another hard truth which is that one must not accept the injustice with lowered eyes, one must fight injustices. We as humans experience this sad reality everyday as the epic of human life and through his words at the end of the essay James realizes his humanity as well. We must all accept injustice but at the same time fight to change it, that is our duty that we owe to our fellow humans. Works Cited Baldwin, James. ?Notes of a Native Son.? 1955. James Baldwin: Collected Essays. Ed. Toni Morrison. New York: Library of America, 1998. 63-84.

Human Resource Management and the Banking Sector Essay

tHuman resource management and the banking sector By Imran Samad Human resource management (HRM) has long been overlooked in the corporate sector in the country where a small section, comprising mostly the multi-national companies was practising the same. With the growing realization of proper HRM in the corporate sector, it has grown into an important activity. Now the head of HRM is an important member of the senior teams of any thriving business. Although the idea is new for many local businesses where entrepreneurs are at the beginning of the learning curve yet in reality the theme is getting support from the organized entrepreneurs. The banking sector has grown from a few institutions primarily involved in deposit acceptance and trade finance into a complex multi player markets where large number of commercial banks, financial institutions and specialized banks are operating with various products and activities. The banking has become a complex activity within the financial market linked directly and indirectly with an over-all national growth and its impact as an integral part of regional segment of a global banking environment. Almost every bank and financial institution is involved in various functions in a day’s job and thus requires a highly effective team and appropriate manpower to run the show. Corporate goals are translated into viable realities and profits only with human element who play their due role in achieving the desired results. Thus even the high automation would require proper man behind the machine to make things happen. This idea has been realized by top managements in progressive banks. Like many other organized sectors, banking requires a multi layer manpower for its various requirements of professionals and support staff. The range may require reasonably educated security guards on the one end and a highly educated and trained professional as head of corporate finance at the other. With liberalization of activities within the banking sector, for example, more emphasis on consumer and house finance and personal loans, etc. banking has turned itself into a more market-based business where banks have expanded their reach more to customers’ door steps in a big way making banking more practical. This has further highlighted the need for proper deployment of man-power to run banks efficiently. For many years, HRM banks like other institutions have been handling this sensitive activity through respective personnel departments. This means human resources were managed like other physical assets e. g. pieces of furniture, calculators, equipment and appliances. Personnel departments were primarily engaged in approval of leaves, handling of staff loans, issuance of show cause, conducting disciplinary enquiries and termination from service. Recruitment was a routine function and was done in a mechanical way to hire people with specific educational background irrespective of their real value to the institution. Success stories of large banking companies have been evident of the fact that HRM is quite different from management of physical assets. Human brain has its own peculiar chemistry. Its strong sensory and decision-making capacity has to be greatly emphasized by the employers. The work force constituting all levels of employees are constantly thinking in many dimensions. On the one hand it is the assigned duty and task they are to perform and for which they are paid by their employer, on the other they think of their long run goals and objectives. By no means, their brains can be controlled to think beyond the current situation of employment. Managing this educated, skillful and trustworthy work force is not an easy job. A few of the current challenges faced by the banking industry in terms of human resource management may be the following: Effective work force:Â  A time-consuming and hectic job is to hunt the right talent. Its just sitting by the river and waiting for the right fish to catch. Higher the professional value of the vacancy, tougher is the search. Identifying the right stuff followed by negotiation is the element which makes the job tough for the employer. Banks are keenly interested to fill up two types of breads of professionals. Ones who are outstanding professionals with high job hopping attitude – these are those who come in – work for some time and then leave for better prospects. Others are those who are keenly picked-up, trained and are some how retained to be developed as future management within the bank. Management trainees are a growing popular phenomenon where freshly qualified business graduates are engaged by banks and a certain percentage of these well equipped professionals stay back within the organization to grow into the footsteps of senior managers. Banking jobs being apparently lucrative for many, attract a large number of candidates against advertised vacancies in media creating a large data base management problem. This has been facilitated by specialised hiring agencies who may take up the job of hiring in case of large number of vacancies. Right people:Â  The most difficult agenda of HRM across the banking sector is to retain the right people. Sudden growth of retail banking and other services has put pressure on HR mangers in banks to engage more professionals within shorter span of time thereby attracting manpower in other banks on attractive packages has made the job market very competing. A bank in a normal course invests time and money to hire and train the appropriate work force for its own operations. This ready-made force is often identified and subsequently picked-up on better terms by others. Compensation:Â  How much to pay to the right employee and how much to the outstanding performer. Banks have traditionally followed pay scales with predetermined increments, salary slabs, bonuses and time-based fringe benefits like car and house advance, gratuity, pension, etc. The situation is not the same anymore. An increment of Rs500-800 per annum is no more a source of attraction for a professional anymore. A basic pay with traditional formulas of linkage with medical and other facilities has no soothing effect today. A promise of future growth, learning culture and corporate loyalty is out of dictionary and does not mean anything to this energetic and competent performer today. A waiting period of 3-4 years in each cadre haunts the incumbents who strongly believe in immediate compensation. There are examples to this. Thanks to the car financing modalities car is no more a fantasy item any more. A freshly hired professional requires a brand new car or car loan on resuming office quite contrary to his previous breed of bankers who would wait for the job seniority to qualify for a car loan. Job satisfaction: Everybody in the bank wants to work in the preferential department, preferential location, city of his own choice and boss of his liking. An administrative deviation from any of these results in lowered job satisfaction. Although hiring is normally based on regional requirement matching the area of activity with that of employee’s nativity yet other elements like appointment in the department of choice and preference makes the job of HR manager quite challenging. What the HR manger cannot afford is the dissatisfied employee who not only disrupts the smooth working himself but also spreads the negativity to others by his de-motivated attitude. Morale boosting:Â  What has long been overlooked is the morale boosting of the employees by the organizations. Human beings even if satisfied of material wellbeing need to be appraised and encouraged constantly. Smart banks have realized this need and have taken steps to keep their work force motivated through proper encouragement like man of the month awards, repeat get-togethers, conferences, sports events, dinners, company sponsored travel, reunions, etc. This is the way employees create a feeling of belongingness.

Kellogs Case Study

The management process is responsible for identifying, anticipating and satisfying customer requirements profitably. ELEMENTS OF PRODUCT Kellogg’s provide a such variety of food, their food is reliable. They are take care of providing a safe and healthy work environment. Their food is good for health as well, which is the main point what makes product valuable to us. Core of product is benefit. Whatever is makes you satisfied is core benefits. Cornflakes is the actual product of kellogg’s, which is exist with the colour, style, branding, fashion, quality.Kellogg’s cornflakes is the most valuable, reliable, and a very popular product which is makes us satisfied to buy it. In order to satisfied core benefits company create a product. Driving product is depending on process marketing. E. g. i buy cup of coffee, augment this cup with selave when it is hot. Augmented element cost money. Augment product is created with the customer care, finance, installation, service, delivery, warranties. Kellogg’s cornflakes is also provide a customer care, it is affordable by every kind of people, we can buy it from every kind of shopping center and its widely available so easy to buy.TYPES OF PRODUCT Convection Kellogg’s is available in every shopping centre it is a breakfast so people buy it regularly and it is low priced so everyone can buy it easily. It is widely available and often high brand loyalty which is kellogg’s. Speciality Kellogg’s corn flakes is available in all superstore so people can get it easily and in competition with other brand of product corn flakes is perfect and less frequent luxury purchases. This product has got a personal selling skills. On the pack of this product they give all the information so ustomer can get all information about needs / gather lots of information before buying. Shopping Relatively expensive with infrequent purchases. Usually occurring with customer knowledge in relation to the hig h market brands. In relation to kellogg’s, this product is marketed within major superstores and has a variety of high competition with other known brands, e. g. Nestle. In this case, a high brand led would be cereals which would be aimed at certain customers for example weight watching customers. Unsought Distress purchases with little pleasure.Marketers need to make customers aware of where they are available to create preferences. Kellogg’s have approached this by advertising and promoting different corn flakes e. g. chocolate flakes or honey coated flakes. For the selling of product of Kellogg’s we need to understand the customer behaviour. The behaviour includes what they may buy? Why do they buy? When do they buy? And where do they buy? The modal of customer buyer behaviour includes the 4ps where market stimulation occurs. Other market stimulations include; economic, technological, political and cultural.Consumer decision making For the consumer decision m aking first if all we need to know about the problem then search for the reason of that then alternative evolution then purchase evaluation so then we can get purchase decision and behaviour then we can get our post purchase evaluation. BRAND LOYALTY Brand attitude There are different types of attitude for different brands. When we see the corn flakes first of all we goe the brand kellogg’s in our mind and it makes positive image in our mind, which is a very important thing for the product.Corn flakes is the very popular and reliable brand so people got a good image of this brand, so with the good and success image brand its create a positive brand attitude. Brand preference Why customer should buy that particular brand then the other brand it depend on the quality of brand, quantity of brand, prise of brand, dependability of brand. Kellogg’s corn flakes is the more quality brand, very old and trustable, good quantity, affordable, so with this preferences customer buy this brand more then the other brand.Brand allegiance When customer get satisfied with the brand they will like some change with the same product then if they find it more dependable they will continue buy that brand over the long period of time. kellogg’s is the old and trustable brand. Customers are using this brand been long time so with focus on customer needs kellogg’s providing some choices with the flavour and other product as well. E. g. coco pops, crunchy nut nutty, all bran. etc. Consumer buying decision processFirst of all in buying this process ther are different stages with the decision so first step is total set when u got lots of things infront of you then you recognise awareness, then consideration set after that you’ll get some selected things to choice in the choice set then can make your decision. Kellogg's business strategy is clear and focused: * to grow the cereal business there are now 40 different cereals * to expand the snack business by diversifying into convenience foods * to engage in specific growth opportunities. ProductionCornflakes are produced in significant quantities at the Trafford Park factory in Manchester, which is also the largest cereal factory in the world. Cereals derived from cornflakes A former patient of the Battle Creek Sanitarium named C. W. Post started a rival company, as we all as the major other brand of corn flakes in the United States, called Post westies. Australia's Sanitarium also manufactures their own brand of corn flakes called Skippy corn flakes. In addition there are many generic brands of corn flakes produced by various manufacturers. ttp://www. kelloggs. co. uk/products/cornflakes/Cereal/corn_flakes. aspx Kellogg’s commitment At Kellogg’s they are committed to building great brands. they follow shared values, principles and behaviour to provide high quality and great tasting foods in a responsible manner: * They act with integrity and show respect. * They are all accountable. * They are passionate about they business, they brands and they food. * They have the humility and hunger to learn. * They love success. * They strive for simplicity.Kellogg Company has a rich history of corporate social responsibility, a history that has grown and evolved to meet the complexities of today’s business world and the challenges of a global society. They founder, W. K. Kellogg, sought to â€Å"invest my money in people†. That legacy continues to guide they company and they people. Corporate responsibility is a way of life at Kellogg. They responsibilities include: * Sustainability – Understanding, managing and minimising they impact on the environment to a sustainable future for everyone. * Communities – Investing in and enriching they communities so that they can reach their full potential. They are passionate about their business, there brands and there food. * Market place – Behaving responsibly in the market place, se lling nutritious products, advocating healthy lifestyles and acting with integrity and adhering to the highest ethical standards. * Work place – Promoting diversity in their work force and ensuring a safe, healthy workplace. They commitment to social responsibility is as strong today as it was when there company was founded. They are proud of their progress, but there is still much they can do. DiversityThey aim is that diversity in Kellogg’s is something you can feel, see and hear – it is not just a page in the annual report. Instead diversity hits you when you walk through the door. They actively encour age individuals to be themselves and use all of their talents to contribute their best each day for the benefit of themselves, others and Kellogg’s. They desire is for a diverse and inclusive workforce regardless of; language, nationality, work-style, learning style, culture, ethnicity, job level, gender, sexual orientation, life experiences, skills, phy sical abilities, thinking style and marital or family status.Environment They are committed to operating a sustainable business that increases shareowner value and ensures a better quality of life for everyone, now and for generations to come. Sustainability has always been an integral part of Kellogg's recipe for success and it will continue to be in the years to come. Kellogg's promotes and maintains environmentally responsible practices for the benefit of there customers, consumers, employees, and the communities in which they operate. They conduct and grow there business in a manner that protects the environment and demonstrates good stewardship of there worldAs natural restheyces.Kellogg's strives for continual improvement through the development of specific programs that address the environmental cost and impact of there activities, products and services. These programs include a commitment to use resources efficiently, minimise waste, and measure environmental impact Responsi ble marketing Since its foundation, Kellogg’s has been committed to informing consumers of all ages about the importance of a balanced approach to diet and physical activity. Kellogg’s has in place a global marketing code and a longstanding commitment to TV advertising in a responsible manner. This means: They will not encourage over-consumption. They will not use words like ‘king-size’ or ‘super-size’ and all there promotions will depict sensible portion sizes. * They will always present Kellogg’s breakfast cereals as part of a balanced breakfast – usually in a family context. * They will run balanced promotional calendars – featuring a good mix of fun, education and overallbeing-based activities for both adults and children. * They will not target any advertising at children under six years of age. Work / life balance Creating a work environment which allows the business to deliver consistently strong results is essentia l to there future.Helping to create a good work / life balance is an essential part of this. Some of the initiatives run by Kellogg’s include: * Flexitime, home-working, part-time working and job share. * Career breaks, parental leave, time off for dependants and maternity and paternity leave. * Personal development planning, secondments and study leave. * On site gyms, or subsidised access to local facilities, free annual lifestyle assessments in work time, a variety of physical exercise based programmes. Health and safety Employee safety is a value at Kellogg's.They are committed to providing a safe and healthy work environment and preventing accidents. Employees are accountable for observing the safety and health rules and practices that apply to their jobs. They are expected to take precautions necessary to protect themselves and their co-workers, including immediately reporting accidents, injuries and unsafe practices or conditions. Employees also are expected to report to work free from the influence of any substance that could prevent or impair them from performing their jobs safely and effectively. Customer information processing PersonalityPersonality is like , if you buy a branded company car so you make personality. when people buy a kellogg’s they think about the image of kellogg’s in the market. so when customer buy a product they buy a brand. Perception Perception works in different way,e. g. we carrying clothes how people look at us, what brand you wearing. So, as the same way its depend on brand what you using. Perception is increases the prise of product. Learning is just not about academic learning but existing knowledge, our own knowledge. E. g. if i am going to buy break fast snack so i need to learn about product a to product b.We learn by application not ny remembering. Attitude from the environment and enfluence we create emotion how good or bad it like attitude. E. g. customer buying a brand to being part of group. Over a hundred years ago, the Kellogg brothers – Will Keith and John Harvey – devised a new breakfast in their quest for healthy foods. That breakfast was of course, Kellogg's Corn Flakes †¦ The Sunshine Breakfast! Crisp, golden flakes made from the finest sun-ripened corn. Since then generations of people have been waking up to enjoy the refreshing, simple taste of Kellogg’s Corn Flakes and ice cold milk. Product details